3. Petroleum is a valuable resource because burning it provides nearly half of the total annual U.S. energy needs, and it is separated into simpler mixtures.
5. Crude oil varies from colorless to greenish-brown to black, and can be as fluid as water or as resistant to flow as soft tar.
6. a. 11%
b. 89%
7. Several fuels obtained from crude petroleum: gasoline, other petroleum-based fuels provide heat to homes and to office buildings, deliver energy to generate electricity, and power diesel engines and jet aircraft.
8. a. CDs, sports equipment, clothing, automobile parts, plastic charge cards.
b. wool, glass, wood
10. a. Middle East has the most petroleum reserves relative to its population
b. Western Europe has the least petroleum reserves relative to its population
11. a. Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania
b. Western Europe
12. Density would be used to separate two liquids when the substances are insoluble in each other.
13. Acetone and water would be the easiest to separate through distillation because acetone has the lowest boiling point on the chart and water the highest.
15.
16. Fractional distillation is a process of separating a mixture into its components by boiling and condensing the components. Distillation is a process that separates liquid substances based on differences in their boiling points.
17. light: aviation and motor gasoline, naphthas and solvents, kerosene
intermediate: gas oil, petrochemicals, heavy furnace oil
heavy: lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax, cracking stock
18. I would expect the the fraction with the highest boiling point range to be removed at the bottom of the distillation tower because it is closer to the furnace and heavy distillates and residues, are at the bottom of the tower.
19. A way to further separate the components of each fraction would be to do normal distillation.
20. 1. Methane 2. Pentane 3. Hexane 4. Octane The higher the boiling point, the more atoms are in the molecular formula.
21. A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms.
22. Atoms with filled outer electron shells do not form covalent bonds because valence electrons are electrons within an atom's unfilled, outer shell, so the atoms cannot bond anymore.
23. Shared electrons hold together covalent bonds because electrons are needed to fill the first shell, and both atoms achieve the stability associated with completely filled electrons shells.
26. a. A structural formula is a chemical formula showing the arrangement of atoms and covalent bonds in a molecule, in which each electron pair in covalent bond is represented by a line between the symbols of two atoms.
b. It represents that of an actual molecule because it shows the arrangement of atoms and covalent bonds in a molecule
27.
a.
b.
28. The electron-dot reprsentaion of a carbon atom shows only four dots because it shows the valence electrons
29. a. C9H20
b. C16H36
c. C10H22
d. C18H38
30. a. 128g
b. 228g
c. 142g
d. 254g
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