9-22 p. 151

9. Active metals are more difficult to process and refine than are less active metals because they react with more minerals than non-reactive metals, and they require more energy.

10. Copper and Silver

11. Metals exist in nature as minerals rather than as pure metallic elements because they are unstable and combine with elements

12. a. Calcium is more reactive than chromium.

13. b. In the second equation, the atoms and charges are balanced.

14. a. It would be a bad idea to do that because iron is more reactive than lead nitrate, and a reaction would occur. The iron would dissolve the lead.
     b. Fe³ + Pb² --à Fe² + Pb³ 

15. Oxidation is any process in which one or more electrons cane considered as lost by a chemical species. Reduction is any process in which one or more electrons can be considered as gained by a chemical species.

16. a. Au³⁺ + 3e --à Au

      Gold ion       gold metal

     b. V--à V⁺ + 1e^-

 elemental vanadium   vanadium ions

    c. Cu --à Cu²⁺ + 2e^- 

17. a. Reduction

      b. Oxidation

      c. Reduction

18. a. Zinc because it has lost two electrons

      b. Nickel because it gained two electrons

      c. Zinc is the reducing agent.

19. a. Potassium because it lost 1 electron.

      b. Mercury because gained two electrons

      c. Potassium is the oxidizing agent.

20. a. Al + Cr³ -à Al^3- + Cr

      b. Mn²⁺  Mg --à Mg^2- 

21. Electrometallurgy: the use of electrical energy to add electrons to metal ions, thus reducing them.

     Pyrometallurgy: the use of high temperatures (thermal energy) to process metals or their ores.

     Hydrometallurgy: the industrial extraction of metals from ores at ordinary temperatures by water-     based process.

22. a. Magnesium: elctrometallurgy

      b. Lead: pyrometallurgy

Quick Blog Question

What I understand about the periodic table is that Dimitri Mendeleev published the first periodic table in 1869. He organized it by placing elements with similar chemical properties in the same vertical column (group or family), and placed increasing atomic weight going horizontal (periods). The periodic table now has he first 20 elements listed in order of increasing atomic numbers and grouped according to similar properties forming hormonal rows; each vertical column contains elements with similar properties. The alkali metal family consists of six elements in the first column, and the noble gas family consists of very uncreative elements in the 18th column. The arrangement of elements in the periodic table provides an orderly summary of the key characteristics of each element.

2SBS 1-8 p.151

1. Atmosphere: Nitrogen and Oxygen
    Hydrosphere: water and some dissolve minerals
    Lithosphere: petroleum and metal-breaking ores

2. The three major parts of the lithosphere are the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is where we obtain major raw materials to manufacture all objects. The mantle is in between the core and crust, and the core is the center of the Earth.

3. a. Silver: Mexico
    b. Copper: Japan
    c. Tin: China

4. China produces the largest masses of minerals with 33%

5. Minerals differ from ores because an ore is a naturally occurring rock or mineral that can be mined and is profitable. An ore contains a mixture of components, of which minerals are the most important. Minerals are naturally occurring solid components containing the element or group of elements of interest.

Iron ore

mineral at the National Museum of Natural History

6. The factors that determine the feasibility of mining a particular metallic ore at a certain site is quantity of useful ore, the percent of metal in the ore, the type of mining and processing needed to extract the metal from its ore, the distance between the mine and metal-refining facilities and markets, the metal's supply-versus-demand status, and the environmental impact of the mining and metal processing.

7. The factors that may have influenced the mine to reopen was there was more gold to be mined, metal-refining facilities or markets opened near the mine, or gold is in demand.

8. What "useful ore" means that the ore can be used wisely, and there is a sufficient amount of the ore that is being mined.

2SAS 26-28, 29-34 p. 132

26. Metallic atoms more easily than do nonmetal atoms.

27. This indicates that they are chemically inert.

28. a. Na: Cation
      b. Ca: Cation
      c. F: Anion
      d. Cu: Anion
      e. O: Anion
      f. Li: Cation
      g. Sn: Anion
      h: I: Anion

29. Oxygen because the element is still the same, it just has a greater mass by 2.

30. (156+254)/2= 205 pm

31. a. sun exposure/chemical reaction
      b. exposure to different heat/ chemical reaction
      c. sun exposure/chemical reaction

32. a. Bromine
      b. Silicon

33. In the Snake River experiment, we used information such as rainfall and how much of a chemical was used; similarly, Mendeleev used the atomic weight and characteristics to make the periodic table and guessed correctly what elements were missing.

34. Nickel has a higher atomic number than Cobalt but a lower atomic weight.

2SAS 13-25 p. 130

13. a. row: periods
      b. column: group or family

14. Alkali metal family: Na: Sodium, K: Potassium

15. a. The noble gasses are located in column 18.
      b. One physical property that noble gasses sh are is that they are inert gasses
      c. One chemical property that noble gasses share is that they are unreactive/chemically inert.

16. a.  MgF
      b. GaP

17. potassium : 68⁰C

18. I would expect it to be lower because it weighs less than iodine, and it has a stronger attraction.

19.
C: 6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons
N: 7 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 electrons
Ca: 20 protons, 20 neutrons, 20 electrons
Pt: 78 protons, 117 neutrons, 78 electrons
U: 92 electrons, 146 neutrons, 92 electrons

20. a. Beryllium (Be): 4 protons, 5 neutrons, 4 electrons
      b. Nitrogen (N): 7 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 electrons
      c. Neon: (Ne): 10 protons, 10 neutrons, 10 electrons

21. The atom must have lost two electrons to give it a charge of 2+.

22. a. Carbon: 12.01
          Nitrogen: 14.01
          Calcium: 40.08
          Platinum: 195. 08
          Uranium: 238.03

b. The element Carbon has two isotopes because it has the same number of protons, but can have different numbers of neutrons.

23. It is not because we do not know the number of protons, electrons, or neutrons, and we also don't know what similar characteristics it has has with other elements on the table.

24. An electron has the least mass of the three; it weighs so little that scientist don't count its weight when founding the atomic weight of an element.

25. a: 12
      b: 12
      c: 12
      d: 13
      e: 12
      f: 14


      

Lab Report

Metal or Nonmetal

Abstract: In this lab, our group explored several properties of seven unknown elements, and we decided whether each element is a metal, nonmental, or metalloid. We did this by examine color, luster, and for of each element. We also attempted to crush each sample, tested its electrical conductivity, and the reactivity of each element with two solutions: hydrochloric acid, and copper chloride  Our group worked very well together, we assigned each person jobs to do, we all got a long really well, and we had fun doing the lab. The diversity of the class results were surprising to most of us because we thought that it wouldn't be hard to identify each element, but the similarity between a metalloid and a metal or nonmetal made it hard to classify the elements.

Procedure: 

all of the unknown elements

1. Construct a data table

beautiful chart by my colleague Ricardo

2. Observe and record the appearance of each element, including physical properties such as color, luster, and form.

3. Choose the first unknown element and test it for electrical conductivity.

testing the second element for electrical conductivity

testing the fourth element for electrical conductivity

4. Tap each element with a ring stand and decide whether the sample is malleable or brittle.

tapping the first element with the ring stand (malleable)

5. Place a sample of each element into a  well in to a different well and add 20 drops of copper chloride, and observe if the element reacted with copper chloride.

Element A reacting and turning dark brown in copper chloride

6. Place a sample of each element into a well and place 20 drops of M HCl to each well, and record what happens.

 

element G reacting and bubbling in M HCl

Results: 

Our group's results for this lab. Elements A,C, and G both reacted with the copper chloride and M HCl acid. Unknown elements B,C, D, and F were electrically conductive. A,B, C, and F were malleable.

This is a chart made by Abby showing how diverse each groups conclusions were. The reason for this variance is that each group observed differently from another, they could have made mistakes in the procedure, and their conclusion based on their data are different because a metalloid is in between a metal and a non-metal. It is easy to call a metal a metalloid when it is actually a metal because of the similarity and same with a non-metal and metalloid.

2SAS 1-12 p. 130

2SAS 1-12 p. 130

1. a. Physical property
    b. Chemical property
    c. Chemical property
    d. Physical property

2.  a. Physical property
     b. Physical property
     c. Chemical property
     d. Chemical property

3.  a. Chemical change
     b. Chemical change
     c. Physical change
     d. Physical change

4. a. Chemical change
    b. Chemical change
    c. Physical change
    d. Physical change

5. a. The oxygen reacts with the surface of the apple causing the change of color

    b. The batteries react with the flashlight and have changed properties.
    c. Oils have been removed from the clothing, but the clothing are still clothes and retain their original form
    d. Italian dressing have been separated but can be put back together.

6. Making chocolate chip cookies

1. Preheat oven to 375 degrees F (Physical Change)

2. Combine flour, baking soda and salt in small bowl. Beat butter, granulated sugar, brown sugar and vanilla extract in large mixer bowl until creamy. Add eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition. Gradually beat in flour mixture. Stir in morsels and nuts. Drop by rounded tablespoon onto ungreased baking sheets. (Physical Change)

3. Bake for 9 to 11 minutes or until golden brown. Cool on baking sheets for 2 minutes; remove to wire racks to cool completely. (Chemical Change)

4. Pan Cookie Variation: Grease 15 x 10-inch jelly-roll pan. Prepare dough as above. Spread into prepared pan. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes or until golden brown. Cool in pan on wire rack. Makes 4 dozen bars. (Chemical Change)

5. Slice and Bake Cookie Variation:

Prepare dough as above. Divide in half; wrap in waxed paper. Refrigerate for 1 hour or until firm. Shape each half into 15-inch log; wrap in wax paper. Refrigerate for 30 minutes.* Preheat oven to 375° F. Cut into 1/2-inch-thick slices; place on ungreased baking sheets. Bake for 8 to 10 minutes or until golden brown. Cool on baking sheets for 2 minutes; remove to wire racks to cool completely. Makes about 5 dozen cookies. (Chemical Change)

6. For High Altitude Baking (5,200 feet): Increase flour to 2 1/2 cups. Add 2 teaspoons water with flour and reduce both granulated sugar and brown sugar to 2/3 cup each. Bake drop cookies for 8 to 10 minutes and pan cookie for 17 to 19 minutes. (Chemical Change)

7. a. metals

    b. nonmetals

    c. nonmetals

    d. metals

8. a. metal

    b. metalloids

    c. nonmetals

    d. metals

9. Metalloids: B-Boron, Si-Silicon

10. a. Iodine would break

      b. Zirconium: wouldn't break

      c. Phosphorus: would break

      d.wouldn't break

11. Nonmetals are non conductive and are insulators

12. Metals are suitable for making coins because a zinc core surrounded by a thin layer of copper metal, increases the coins durability and maintain its familiar appearance, and the  metals allow the coin not to break.